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Whole Body Vibration Platform Types

There are two predominant types of vibration platform used in Whole Body Vibration exercise, Pivotal and Lineal. Both kinds of platform have been used extensively in scientific research which has unveiled a number of distinct differences between the two platform types. Most notably:

Pivotal Results in Less Head Vibration
Pivotal Causes More Muscle Activation

For these reasons and others Hypervibe chooses to use a Pivotal platform for its vibration machines. Hypervibe is one of very few Whole Body Vibration companies who have their vibration machines tested by independent engineers to verify the machines can produce the impressive output claimed.

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Pivotal and Lineal,
What’s The Difference?

WATCH OUR VIDEO TO LEARN MORE ABOUT PLATFORM TYPES

Pivotal
In Pivotal vibration machines, the platform you stand on tilts around a central pivot point like a see-saw. The left and right sides alternate up and down while the centre remains fixed.

You can change the total distance your feet move up and down (other terms include ‘displacement’and ‘peak-to-peak amplitude’) by moving them either closer or further away from the centre. The maximum possible distance varies from one machine to another but most are generally close to 10mm.
Advantages of Pivotal platforms
- The movement mimics the natural rotation of the hips during walking and running which may activate a greater range of muscles and reduce vibration that occurs in the head.
- The side to side alternating movement allows greater transmission of vibration energy at higher amplitudes. In other words – it generates more muscle stimulation when compared to a Lineal platform operating at the same frequency.
Disadvantages of Pivotal platforms
- During upper body exercises it is generally more comfortable for the hands if they are placed close together near the centre of the platform where the amount of movement is minimal, particularly when higher frequencies are being used. With a Lineal platform, hand position is less restricted as the amount of movement is the same at every point on the platform surface.
- At highest amplitudes, lightweight people may find that their feet can slide or skid around on the platform, particularly if the frequency is very high. If your feet are sliding around the vibration is not being adequately transferred to your muscles and bones and therefore you should reduce the frequency or amplitude to a point where your feet do not skid..
Lineal
A Lineal vibration platform remains horizontal at all times with the entire platform moving up and down by the same amount.

Lineal vibration platforms typically have small peak-to-peak Amplitudes of 2mm or less. Some have multiple amplitude settings eg. low (1mm) or high (2mm).
Advantages of Lineal platforms
- Due to the platform moving the same small amount no matter where you make contact with it, upper body exercises will be just as comfortable with a wide hand position as they will with a narrow one.
Disadvantages of Lineal platforms
- Lineal platforms have mechanical limitations that prevent them delivering the same natural pelvic movement or intensity of stimulation that is possible with a Pivotal platform. To compensate for the limited amplitude possible with Lineal machines the frequency can be increased but there is also a limit to how high you can take the frequency before it becomes ineffective. Whole Body Vibration researchers in Finland tested vibration frequencies from 10 to 90Hz and showed that with Lineal Whole Body Vibration, when the frequency goes past 40Hz the amount of vibration energy transferred to the body decreases by a factor of between 10 and 1,000 depending on the frequency and the body part being tested.
- If the frequency is too high with a Lineal platform the body may not have an opportunity to drop down before the platform rises up again – it would be as if the body was hovering in the air, no longer moving up and down the full distance that the platform moves up and down. Less body movement means less muscle stretching which means less muscle activity. When you consider that Lineal machines have a small amplitude to begin with, it would not take much to reduce the muscle activity to zero if the platform was moving too fast to allow a full up and down movement of the body.
- This is supported by anecdotal reports that “the muscle stimulation suddenly stopped” when the frequency approaches 50Hz and is something you can easily test for yourself. In fact some Lineal manufacturers have decided to stop making machines that are capable of vibrating at 50Hz stating that “the body doesn’t respond to frequencies that fast.” Try it and see for yourself.
- Because the platform does not allow the natural side to side rotation of the pelvis, vibration energy is transmitted further up the body all the way to the head. Consequently, research has shown that “Lineal causes up to 189% more head vibration” when compared to Pivotal Vibration and has a greater risk of negative side effects.²
A Third Type?

Recently a new breed of low acceleration machines have attempted to establish themselves as a new vibration type called “spiral” vibration.

Often “spiral” machines are sold as 2 or 3 mode machines, producing spiral vibration, pivotal vibration, and a combination of these vibration types together.

In reality however, these machines do not work on the principles of Whole Body Vibration, which is to produce vibration mainly in the vertical direction to increase the supply of gravity to the body. Instead, “spiral” machines produce vibration which is mainly horizontal in characteristics and is not supported by any Whole Body Vibration research.
Scientific Comparison of Lineal and Pivotal
There have been few occasions where a Lineal and Pivotal machine were compared in the same study using the same settings. In each case however the results appear to be the same – Pivotal produces greater muscle activation and less head vibration.

In a 2006 study conducted by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) a leading Lineal and leading Pivotal machine were both used in the same muscle performance experiment and the results of each compared.³

According to the researchers, the conditions for each platform were the same:
- Same Frequency (30Hz)
- Same Amplitude (4mm)
- Same test subjects
- Same exercises
The Result:

“[Muscle] responses were significantly greater during rotational vibration (Pivotal) than vertical vibration (Lineal).”

In 2012 at the Institute of Sport and Science in Germany, researchers again took a Power Plate (Lineal) and Galileo (Pivotal) and measured a number of different muscles for their response to the same vibration frequency and amplitude on both machines.

The Result:

“Neuromuscular activity during SV (Pivotal) was enhanced compared to SyV (Lineal)”

The following graph shows these results with the dark bars being Pivotal and the hollow bars being Lineal. The higher the bar, the greater the amount of muscle activity. Pivotal produced on average 133% more muscle activity.
References
- Kiiski J., ‘Transmission of Vertical Whole Body Vibration to the Human Body’ J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Aug;23(8):1318-25.
- Abercromby A., ‘Vibration Exposure and Biodynamic Responses During Whole Body Vibration Training’ Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Oct;39(10):1794-800.
- Abercromby A., ‘Variation in Neuromuscular Responses during Acute Whole-Body Vibration Exercise’ Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Sep;39(9):1642-50.
- Ritzman R,. ‘The influence of vibration type, frequency, body position and additional load on the neuromuscular activity during whole body vibration’ Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Jan;113(1):1-11.